it is the instruments that show the information sought through its design, configuration, ergonomics and use marks. All rights reserved.ĭue to the limited access to millenary sounds built in the northern Andes, with the intention of creating a repository that can be shared and bequeathed, Sounds UCE become the result of the study on sound pieces, engineering, capabilities and inventiveness existing in the Archaeological heritage of the Antonio Santiana´s Anthropological Museum at the Central University of Ecuador. © 2011 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. Closely considering these instruments in their many roles and contexts-in curing and purification, negotiating relations, connecting mythic ancestors and humans today-this volume reveals the power and complexity of the music at the heart of collective rituals across lowland South America. Others look at how ritual wind instruments and their music enter into local definitions and negotiations of relations between men, women, kin, insiders, and outsiders. Some of the authors explore the ways ritual wind instruments are used to introduce natural sounds into social contexts and to cross boundaries between verbal and nonverbal communication. These essays present a wide perspective that goes beyond better-documented areas such as the Upper Xingu and northwest Amazon. The editors provide a detailed overview of the historical significance, scientific classification, shamanic and cosmological associations, and changing social meanings of ritual wind instruments within Amazonian cultures. The first in-depth, comparative, and interdisciplinary study of indigenous Amazonian musical cultures, Burst of Breath showcases new research on the dynamic range of ritual power and social significance of various wind instruments-including flutes, trumpets, clarinets, and whistles-played in sacred rituals and ceremonies in Lowland South America. A special care has been taken to maintain the original structure established by the authors, so that the system will remain useful as a universal tool compatible with the wide use that has had around the world. Finally an updating of the whole system is proposed in which new organological varieties of the South Andean zone are included. The main characteristics of this system are contrasted with the requirements of the organology of the American instruments especially those found in pre Hispanic archaeological sites. After thirty years studying the organology of the American instruments we feel in condition to delineate the possibilities of this system in future research studies. The strengths and weaknesses of the system along with its methodological structure are discussed so as to clarify its usefulness as a methodological tool. On the basis of our experience we explain the reasons for considering the Sachs-Hornbostel system as the most appropriate for the study of the American musical instruments, especially those from the pre-Columbian period. In this article the reasons of the permanence of this system are analyzed along with a brief revision of the history of other systems of classifying musical instruments. The classification system of musical instruments created by Curt Sachs and Erich Moritz von Hornbostel in 1914 is still the most widely used around the world. The last segment of this article highlights the way in which the musical activities of this Cañari ritual involve interactions between the human and the non-human, interactions that are passed down from generation to generation. Based on that, the different roles of the participants of the ritual and the function of the musical sonorities were identified. This qualitative study draws on participant observation during the event, interviews with community informants, and image and sound recordings. The sound codes in the festival, i.e., the codes that give a sense to the sounds accompanying the ceremony, are made by musical instruments like the kipa, the pinkullu, the maraca or chac cha, and the drum. In the Cañari region of Ecuador, Inty Raimi consists of several rituals, one of them being the Allpa Mama (Mother Earth). Inty Raymi (Fiesta del Sol) is a festival held every June solstice in the Andean Ecuador, specifically in the villages of the mountainous areas of the ancient Tawantinsuyo (Guamán-Poma de Ayala 1980).
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